Jellyfish Blooms Shunt Food Energy from Fish to Bacteria

Newswise — A new study by researchers at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) shows that jellyfish are more than just a nuisance to bathers and boaters, drastically altering marine food webs by shunting food energy from fish toward bacteria.
An apparent increase in the size and frequency of jellyfish blooms in coastal and estuarine waters around the world during the last few decades means that jellies’ impact on marine food webs is likely to increase into the future.
The results of the study, led by recent VIMS Ph.D. graduate Rob Condon—now a faculty member at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab (DISL) in Alabama—appear in the latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. His co-authors are VIMS professors Deborah Steinberg and Deborah Bronk, Paul del Giorgio of the Université du Québec à Montréal, Thierry Bouvier of Université Montpellier in France, Monty Graham of DISL, and Hugh Ducklow of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Condon conducted his field studies by sampling jellyfish blooms in the York River, a tributary of lower Chesapeake Bay. The team’s experimental work took place in laboratories at VIMS, and in Canada and France. The researchers tracked the flow of food energy in the lab by measuring the amount of carbon taken up and released by jellyfish and bacteria within closed containers during “incubation” experiments of varying length. Carbon is the “currency” of energy exchange in living systems.
“Jellyfish are voracious predators,” says Condon. “They impact food webs by capturing plankton that would otherwise be eaten by fish and converting that food energy into gelatinous biomass. This restricts the transfer of energy up the food chain, because jellyfish are not readily consumed by other predators.”
Jellyfish and Marine Bacteria
Jellyfish also shunt food energy away from fish and shellfish that humans like to eat through their affects on the bacterial community. “Marine bacteria typically play a key role in recycling carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other byproducts of organic decay back into the food web,” says Condon. “But in our study, we found that when bacteria consumed dissolved organic matter from jellyfish they shunted it toward respiration rather than growth.”
The upshot of this “jelly carbon shunt” is that bacteria in jelly-laden waters end up converting carbon back to carbon dioxide, rather than using it to grow larger or reproduce. This means the carbon is lost as a direct source of organic energy for transfer up the food web.
The researchers think the shift toward bacterial respiration happens because jellyfish produce organic matter that is extra rich in carbon. They do so through excretion and the sloughing of mucus. “The mucus is the slime you feel when you pick up a jelly,” says Steinberg.
The jellyfish in Condon’s experiments released large quantities of carbon-rich organic matter—with 25- to 30-times more carbon than nitrogen. That compares to a ratio of 6 parts carbon to 1 part nitrogen for the organic matter found dissolved in typical marine waters.
“The bacteria metabolized this carbon-rich material two to six times faster than they did with dissolved organic matter from water without jellyfish,” says Condon. “This rapid metabolism shunted carbon toward respiration rather than production, reducing their potential to assimilate this material by 10% to 15%.”
Steinberg says that bacterial metabolism of dissolved organic matter from jellyfish is like “drinking Gatorade” while metabolism of dissolved organic matter from phytoplankton and other sources is like “eating a hamburger.” “It just doesn’t provide an efficient food source for marine bacteria,” she says.
The Microbial Community
A final significant finding from the team’s research is that an influx of dissolved organic matter from jellyfish blooms changes the make-up of the local microbial community. “Dissolved organic matter from jellyfish favored the rapid growth and dominance of specific bacterial groups that were otherwise rare in the York River,” says Condon. “This implies that jelly-DOM was channeled through a small component of the local microbial assemblage and thus induced large changes in community composition.”
Overall, says Condon, the team’s findings “suggest major shifts in microbial structure and function associated with jellyfish blooms, and a large detour of energy toward bacteria and away from higher trophic levels.”
He adds that a host of factors, including climate change, over-harvesting of fish, fertilizer runoff, and habitat modifications could help to fuel jellyfish blooms into the future. “Indeed,” he says, “we’ve seen this already in Chesapeake Bay. If these swarms continue to emerge, we could see a substantial biogeochemical impact on our ecosystems.”
“Simply knowing how carbon is processed by phytoplankton, zooplankton, microbes or other trophic levels in space and time can lead to estimates of how much carbon energy is available for fish to consume,” he said. “The more we know, the better we can manage ecosystem resources.”    www.bgocled.com

Stocks Fall Sharply Ahead of Close; Dell Rises

Stocks extended their losses in the final hour of trading Monday, led by banks and energy, as investors turned cautious amid signs of an economic slowdown.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average was down more than 40 points, led by JPMorgan
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], after tumbling almost 100 points on Friday to finish lower for the fifth-consecutive week following a disappointing government jobs report.

The SP 500 and the tech-heavy Nasdaq declined. Some experts believe 1,227 is the next support level for the SP. The CBOE Volatility Index, widely considered the best gauge of fear in the market, fell slightly to trade below 18.

Both the Dow and SP are down almost 3 percent in June. And if stocks close lower again this week, it will be the longest losing-streak since 2002.

All 10 key SP sectors slipped, led by energy and financials.

• Now Is a ‘Great Time’ to Buy Apple
• Stocks to Watch on Monday
• How to Trade Central Bank Meetings
• Bob Doll: No Double Dip 

“There’s still a significant fallout from Friday’s lack of jobs creation, which has raised questions around government spending in jobs creation programs,” said Tim Speiss, Chairman of the Personal Wealth Advisors for EisnerAmper.

Speiss said markets will continue to trade sideways until September when he expects the economy to start seeing a turnaround.

However, some strategists at UBS believe that while equity markets are likely to remain volatile in the near-term, growth is expected to reaccelerate in the second half of this year, with the SP finishing at 1,410.

“We continue to emphasize that while there are a lot of growth concerns in the U.S., corporates are still well valued,” said Katie Klingensmith, economic and policy analyst, UBS Wealth Management Research. “We are overall positive on risk assets.”

Goldman Sachs dissected the reason behind the sluggish growth in a new report, saying growth will probably rebound in the second half of the year as commodity prices drop back and any Japan-related disruptions unwind.

But the disappointing jobs report does not change the outlook for the economy and chances of a tighter policy in 2011 is “certainly possible” by year-end, said Philadelphia Fed President Charles Plosser, a well-known inflation hawk who has a vote on policy this year.

• Poll: Does US Economy Need Third Round of Easing?

Bank stocks declined across the board, extending last week’s decline, following chatter that Washington is thinking of increasing capital requirements.

Among individual names, Wells Fargo      www.bgocled.com 

LED lighting and traditional lighting of the War (II)

Period on "LED lighting and traditional lighting of the war (a)" compared with the traditional lighting of the LED lighting current situation in the market, the traditional top ten companies involved in LED lighting industry, the situation is analyzed. The whole tide of traditional lighting LED facing difficulties caused by avalanche, because the LED is not yet leading enterprise group, large traditional lighting companies still have time to gradually shift to the LED, but the small and medium enterprises traditional lighting LED lighting business enterprises are facing direct competition , the odds are zero. The war has only just started the next decade of protracted war, or aggressive or stick, victory or defeat rests in the hands of various enterprises. But one thing, all the lighting industry professionals are well aware that time is on LED lighting here.
Traditional lighting industry go from here
Carefully transferred to traditional lighting LED lighting industry
As the focus on the traditional lighting industry lighting for many years, and the closest to a variety of functional LED lighting. Intuitive, is to replace the traditional light LED chip.
Traditional lighting companies have set up LED lighting division, to carry out research and development of LED lighting. However, LED lighting design and technical problems and the traditional lighting a big difference. At first, the traditional lighting companies that LED lighting is very simple to do, even the copy with school, LED lights really light up. But the question followed, dead lights, color temperature, color rendering index, color, life, etc., before we know LED is not so simple to do.
According GLII investigation, the majority of the traditional lighting companies to switch to the original engineers, and these engineers are not the basis of semiconductor technology, so progress is slow. Some engineers reflects the conflict of interest because the upper and LED lighting different understanding of the development process, business-to-LED lighting division of the support is not great. Some companies of LED lighting of two minds, hot and cold. Some companies will want from upstream to downstream in full swing, R & D department to cause great confusion.
Appearing on the market of functional LED lighting widespread quality problems, which caused many companies feel that the current traditional lighting LED lights do not amount to anything. Traditional lighting companies remain in the wait stage, the beginning and the Semiconductor Research Institute, from light, heat, power drive, etc. to carry out research and development, as it involves a broader, short board too, in a short time to improve quality has been a problem.
For these reasons, small and medium enterprises to traditional lighting LED lighting products are basically taking a more cautious attitude. On the one hand, LED lighting products as price-quality is poor, do not open up the situation in the market; the other hand, had to pay for tuition, the small and medium sized businesses have no confidence in the development of LED products.
However, the large contrast traditional lighting companies increased investment in research and development of LED technology and accelerate product development and design. They realized, LED technology is the opportunity to wash small business opportunity, but also the future of LED lighting in a number of colleagues from the opportunity to stand out. However, despite high-profile claims that the product has reached a considerable level, but in the market to promote the above, is still very cautious.
NVC, according to the Buddha, TCL, and most Topstar lighting and traditional lighting LED current sales of its total income not exceeding 10%. If the LED division independent accounting, according to GLII investigation, no one profits. But GLII forecast, as the business front-LED output, sales revenue growth will exceed the average level of development of LED industry, is also an annual growth rate of more than 35%. In order to break the break-even point, there is still a long way to go. The reason is, as the traditional large-scale enterprises, LED is the long-term strategy, there is no bottleneck in the current LED business and financial pressure to survive, will increase investment and expansion. If a public company, completely earned back in the stock market. Can be expected, the NVC will not wait to use the concept of the LED, the LED on the fame and fortune.
Traditional lighting to LED lighting strategy for the transfer of
Use of its huge capital
Traditional lighting companies funded through the acquisition of some achievements have been in the LED lighting with LED lighting companies, directly into the LED lighting industry, usually as its lighting division. Especially listed companies, through stock issuance, use of social capital, both to expand its influence, without affecting the original business.
According to the traditional lighting of the leading enterprises GLII research shows that some companies will lower reaches of mergers and acquisitions on the LED, the LED industry to speed up a strong position to make up for the lack of LED technology. With funds for time, space, technology, talent and creativity.
Future, as NVC, Huayi lighting, three male and Aurora, etc. have been listed more lighting industry leader to complete the restructuring, LED manufacturers will have a strong capital pressure.
Vertical integration on the River
Any large-scale enterprises who wish to stand our ground in the LED industry, must be integrated on the River, to ensure that suppliers are not subject to the other. Traditional lighting companies in the LED light source because the lack of research and development capabilities, semiconductor companies through mergers and acquisitions, cut into the LED chip manufacturing, and strive to control the LED lighting industry, upstream profits.
BDO Runda appliance was originally started to do, now do anything they want in the stock market has become latecomers "model."
Phillips has acquired chip breath, multiple lighting design company, formed from the upstream to downstream complete industrial chain.
The use of strong sales channels
Traditional lighting companies have considerable brand recognition, many years to build the channel edge, making acquisitions or their own R & D of LED lighting products to market quickly.
NVC Lighting and other traditional industries will use their own brand to re-build its "green lighting a leader," the status and role.
As traditional industries with powerful existing mature sales channels to end the occupation of the consumer, and this is precisely the LED business short board.
Use of traditional areas of strength
Traditional lighting to LED lighting industry enterprises in the transfer process, more attention to their own advantage on the field of traditional lighting with LED lighting combine, such as hotels, clothing stores, jewelry shops, and so had to use the traditional lighting of the customer. In fact these more focused segments of the LED lighting market development, more use of their existing sales channels, and pay more attention to the product's cost (compared to the LED manufacturers, more focus on product development and marketing, consumer communication).
Strong cooperation and transnational giants lighting
Multinational lighting giants pay more attention to the influence of the traditional lighting industry and production capacity, so do not be fancy domestic LED industry enterprises. Traditional lighting companies through strategic alliances and multinational giants have access to advanced technology or patents, for the production of lighting fixtures, open up the domestic and foreign markets. Such as Vivienne production of lighting fixtures for GE through multiple retail outlets into the U.S. market, a surprising number.
Use of manufacturing capacity
Traditional lighting fixture manufacturing companies have all the processes and equipment to its production capacity, management capacity, cost control and the original sales channels system is the LED lighting industry is difficult to achieve. Traditional lighting companies will use the comprehensive advantages of the price war, resulting in the largest enterprise of LED lighting hit.
Traditional lighting LED lighting tactics to deal with
Deal with LED lighting, traditional lighting companies will adopt a "stiffer" direct targeting of LED lighting business, and the use of "conversion" to the consumer self remodeling.
Circuit
Use of existing strengths segments, LED lighting companies in the market will be the main lighting applications around the outside. Success of the traditional lighting of enterprise products have their own characteristics, the market have their own advantages, basically various segments of the separatism, and has a large advantage. As the light requirements of various applications vary widely, such as hotel lighting and stage lighting. Therefore, the grasp of customer needs, and how to deal with technology and so on, the traditional lighting companies have absolute advantage.
For example, NVC lighting in the hotel business for many years, and the hotel's purchasing department to establish a strong supply relationships. If the existing lighting transform the hotel, LED lighting companies want to move NVC customers, almost impossible.
LED lighting companies like guerrillas, warlords in the traditional lighting companies like carved to look between their own living space.
Chase
At low prices the most lethal weapons attack, kill, deter-something LED business. Traditional lighting companies to price hundreds of times to kill the application, not only can afford to drop the price (even temporarily at a loss), and down a long time. In our survey of companies, most of the LED lighting companies are worried about the price war, says very few can withstand such a war of attrition.
Block
Use of existing channels to block the sale of terminal LED business. Part of the LED lighting business is based on the idea of ​​cheap products into the terminal market, let the public decide who purchase the product. Problem is precisely in the path, all the major end retailers, in an admission of the product, considering most of their shopping interests. On price, LED lighting products and traditional lighting business if the product is not very different enterprises, basically you can not Baishangguitai. Even more traditional lighting companies will put pressure on the mall together, new entrants will be squeezed out. This is the case of the United States and other countries, almost like a xxx brand in Wal-Mart put the LED does not consume can not get placed on two years.
Cut
Businesses and consumers cut LED channel. Now consumers are using traditional lighting, traditional lighting business to consumer demand is very understanding, through its investigation of sale terminals and sales statistics, the price of the actual use of the crowd endure degrees of illumination lamps requirements of different environments, etc. have first-hand and extensive data. The data for the development of new products, market development are essential. Because the market LED lighting business isolation, sporadic research and alternative to the traditional simulated lighting products, are likely to fall short in the market, and LED lighting products in the market, companies can not afford the failure of poor sales.
Traditional lighting companies can also use the existing "bridge", with "new for old" (eg, LED or incandescent bulbs) and other killer, and quickly occupied the end consumer. LED lighting company can only standing on the sidelines to watch.
First few rows of the traditional lighting companies, have their own "experience store" or "light environment experience store" or outlets, these bunkers are basically put in the LED lighting company cut half way leading to the consumer.
Turn
The use of marketing tools, to change the traditional image of lighting manufacturers, changes in marketing patterns, changes in product form. Rich and powerful traditional lighting companies that can advertise on television, highway, shopping malls, etc. to harm consumers, so that the LED is just one of its popular new products.
LED lighting business since the early stages of being developed, cost of advertising is limited. As the founder of many LED lighting business used to be a small business, the concept of branding and means basically in the kindergarten stage.
Of
Shaping the energy pioneers, the embodiment of the LED ambassador. In the Chinese market, the brand's meaning remodeling, a new brand than to build much easier, because the Chinese market, fake, inferior products overwhelming, LED products are no exception, have an adverse impact. So try suspected of innovative products, the lack of trust in new brands, resulting in LED lighting companies want to establish a well-known brand is very difficult.
How to deal with the traditional lighting LED lighting
LED lighting business to neglect or ignore the traditional lighting
Most have never done the traditional lighting of the LED lighting companies do not really understand lighting design. The most serious problem is lighting the road and do not know reason?? LED lighting is a terminal, but the final consumer product or service.
I do not know who fearless. Most of the traditional LED lighting LED lighting is about to enter more or less the impact of neglect or indifference, in the following areas:
The power of traditional lighting channels
Distribution of lighting products distribution channel to consumers with very large role. Traditional lighting distributors in terms of scale and quantity of LED lighting can not be compared. LED lighting business of dealers most a small number of weak, most of them and sold, that is the traditional lamps and LED lamps to sell, all kinds of brand products to sell. And distribution channel management, is that all manufacturers have headaches. In addition, the design, engineering, decoration and its designers and engineers as an alternative channel, is a means to promote their products well.
Traditional enterprises in the lighting design advantages
Ignore the real needs of consumers for lighting. Traditional lighting of the lighting design practice for many years, light environment and human needs and light a large number of research and practice. Lighting design includes aesthetics, ergonomics, physiology, and so science is a very important industrial design. But LED lighting business, "the boss" is engaged in a large part of semiconductor technology background, and do not understand lighting design, just stay in the luminous efficiency, color rendering index of the increase on to do research, and use it as pride. Most enterprises lack the professional LED lighting optical design, lighting design professionals.
Traditional lighting business management advantages
Traditional lighting companies in the long honed in the fierce competition, to know how best to flicker consumers know how to compress to a minimum cost to the price war against rivals, know how to build brand awareness, know how to price and functionality between the market to obtain an acceptable balance.
The LED lighting companies tend to pursue diligently n ten thousand hours life, regardless of the real needs of consumers, consumers do not know the mentality and acceptance. LED lighting business in order to obtain n patents are often excited and proud, do not understand the simple logic of the market: the patent does not mean technology, technology is not equal to the product, the product is not equal to the market, the market does not equal profit.
Most companies do not have LED lighting market feel.
LED lighting business "foreign aggression"
Number of Taiwan-funded enterprises have moved to the Mainland LED lighting, lighting the mainland will bring talent and technology companies, but also a great deal of pressure. Taiwan-funded enterprises for many years "in through foreign" talent squeeze squeeze, so the current owner and to the mad, like a duck swim in the middle and lower on the whole industry chain. Because we are compatriots, provincial and municipal procurement of n competing species of things went to Taiwan, of course, fashionable expensive optical-related products. Therefore, the Taiwan LED lighting should not be "foreign aggression."
Europe, Japan and South Korea's giant lighting (LED transferred from the non-LED) directly quietly reached a face-lift shares in China or business. Both from an international perspective, patience (with foreigners this point in their lives accustomed to the laid-back, we do LED business colleagues is almost worn out), brand reputation, product quality, customer resources, the channel edge (domestic and foreign), marketing, or talent acquisition (the most important point), LED lighting companies are a big concern.
LED lighting business and enterprise strength disparity between traditional lighting
To the top ten companies and traditional lighting LED lighting enterprises, in terms of scale, the former is less than one-tenth of the latter. LED lighting business is relatively "new entrants" or "advanced by" starting from product development to finished products, the resulting plant, equipment, personnel costs than the traditional lighting companies so high, and very few sales, Therefore, it is basically a state of tension in the capital.
The traditional lighting companies, has come to maturity, before accumulation of very deep. Although the LED is developing rapidly, but very little market share. Therefore, the traditional lighting companies in the capital can be "to old to support the new"; in product development can be "to wait at Plaza", take ism strategy easily the LED lighting business of research into their own; in the market, once the cut and thrust, traditional lighting companies to launch the channel war, price wars, advertising wars, LED lighting companies will overwhelmed.
Traditional lighting companies funded (as opposed to the LED lighting business), for some poor dying LED lighting company can take to obtain low-cost way acquisition required for all LED lighting resources, including personnel, technology, market and brand. LED lighting companies should pay close attention to the company behind a myriad of traditional lighting.
Moreover, there are deep pockets of money in various industries earlier grab the "laggards" such as real estate agents do LED interior lighting, LED miner's coal bosses to do so, you can eat room by room, relying on coal to eat coal. Many LED lighting companies in order to survive, to the layman OEM, can be described as Yanghuweihuan.
How to deal with the traditional lighting LED lighting transfer
With the rapid expansion of LED lighting, LED lighting gradually replace traditional lighting irreversible.
A few years ago, most of the LED business, especially in LED lamp business, earn a yell, and no money. However, 35% compound annual growth, will have a little money to make big money from the process.
The following few strategies, you can reference for the LED lighting business.
Access to capital
Determine the pattern of capital markets. To obtain the favor of venture capital, means that companies ranked in the forefront of segments. High-powered venture capital chasing returns, generally more than 20 times. LED lighting companies are technology-driven companies with high growth and huge profit margins. Therefore more inclined to LED enterprises, and traditional lighting companies as a whole is to decline, even if the shift to LED lighting, LED lighting is only part of the total revenue, the overall growth rate is slow.
Therefore, LED lighting companies should concentrate resources to seize the competitive advantage of the core product, rather than doing what products are quickly occupy market segments.
Core technology
LED lighting technology determining the survival of enterprises. LED lighting technology with the core business should be focused on R & D on new products. LED light source in the focus on their own characteristics and technical specifications at the same time, in product development to a more practical focus on the actual market demand, making the technology as quickly into the competitiveness of products.
New model
From the traditional model. The traditional lighting of the model to price advantage as the most important means of competition, while the LED lighting source because of its features can completely change the lighting to illuminate only the definition, there will be more profound and wide range of applications. Therefore, LED lighting, traditional lighting companies and enterprises should not be price competition, but should be to maximize the characteristics of LED.
Open and cooperative
Seek the cooperation of traditional lighting companies to make acquisitions or restructuring. And traditional lighting cooperation in technology, channel, brand, cost to obtain the most advantageous peer resources to shorten the return cycle, open up the market segments.
Or the upstream and downstream enterprises in the LED industry, vertical integration, the formation of a new competitive advantage.
Conclusion
War had just started
Before entering the interior lighting LED lighting in the next 3-5 years, will enter the golden age of LED commercial lighting; in the next 5-10 years, will be entered into the LED home lighting.
War will continue for ten years
The next decade is the transfer of traditional lighting to LED lighting the most critical years, LED lighting market will gradually mature. The first five years, the traditional lighting at the layout stage. On the one hand the traditional lighting companies in the technology needs to be strengthened; the other hand, the traditional lighting companies in the traditional lamp and LED lighting on the proportion of investment on the very poor. This is the lighting business firm market, the best time to lay the brand, miss this time, LED lighting business is completely adversely affected by aircraft.
In the five years after, when the traditional lighting layout is completed, it will enter the decisive stage and LED lighting.
Determine the outcome of the three battles of war
Survival of deciding the war for talent
For the traditional lighting, mainly LED technology professionals, and enterprises are required for the LED lighting product design, marketing, production management and other personnel. No talent, even the shuffle is not qualified.
Mergers war deciding the future
Whether in traditional or in the LED lighting industry, lighting industry, two years there will be obvious shuffling process. Three years later, between the lighting industry will have a mutual shuffling process.
Capital battle to determine market structure
Capital can buy technology, personnel, equipment, market. Capital is the material basis of the above two major battles. Venture capital, strategic investment, capital market operations and other acts of the fund-raising throughout the war. To be sure, relying on their existing rolling capital development will be lost.
LED lighting will not repeat the history of the traditional lighting
Top ten companies account for the traditional lighting market accounted for more than 15% of all lighting related companies more than 10,000, and concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. As the traditional lighting industry is labor-intensive enterprise, capital investment would not, in the long process of development, capital operation mechanism immature.
However, there are a bunch of LED lighting not only Dr. players, as well as a bunch of capitalists, more a bunch of foreigners and compatriots in Taiwan. Therefore, the rules of the game's history and traditions of lighting is not the same rules. Whether expert or traditional lighting LED lighting industry players, if the imagination of the world and the future of LED lighting is now dominated by the traditional form of lighting is the same, then it would be wrong.
LED lighting, but the end product is a consumer
Since it is a consumer end product, we would not be able to plant when the laboratory, not to make Bell Labs. To make a product that is going to understand the end consumer demand and purchasing power. So users, dealers, art designers, industrial designers, technical experts, etc., should be the best understanding of the product.
LED manufacturers with the use of objects as a lack of communication at this stage many of the practical application of LED lighting products and demand of places. LED manufacturers have a open mind, the product stability, security, protection of life have been preliminary, the diversity of the traditional lamp to absorb the requirements of the advantages of traditional and LED trends combined with each other to maximize the the effect.
View of the structural characteristics of LED, light emitting characteristics, application requirements different from the traditional. Therefore, companies need to understand the traditional lighting LED, can be targeted to innovative design products for the market, LED lighting market companies only understand the actual needs, in order to make adaptive innovative design and innovative products. For more visit: www.bgocled.com

2010 first half of the LED industry inventory

Editor's Note: The aftermath of the 2009 financial crisis in 2010 did not cause much impact on the LED industry. The LED industry, the spring of 2010 was warm. Summer is hot. To achieve new breakthroughs in optical efficiency, LED lighting, universal acceleration, the introduction of a number of standard LED, two LED business of domestic market, dog eat dog mess of traditional lighting to LED lighting is also competing to transfer. Carbon emission reduction in the energy context, LED's show staged everywhere. Opportune, LED does not shine is immune. That said, after the still optimistic to think calmly, Ten thousand ten cities Redu no longer, EMC model Yin Zhengyi, the chip "flagrant" prices triggered a chain reaction ... ...
This month's "senior engineer observed," We are from ten different angles on the LED industry for the first half of 2010 the inventory. They are:
● chip prices up against the historical trend? ● Ten thousand ten cities Redu no longer
Two LED ● ● number of domestic listed companies introduced confusion in the industry standard has not been dissolved
● EMC spoiler LED industry ● LED TV penetration than-expected
● Optical Industrial Park Investment tight ● Accelerating the adoption of LED lighting in overseas markets
● high-power chip light efficiency to achieve new breakthroughs ● traditional lighting to LED lighting to accelerate the transfer of
Chip prices up against the historical trend?
It GLII monitoring, since the beginning of the chip supply, began in April after rising trend, especially in backlight and low-power chip with a chip, Backlight manufacturers plagued by shortages. High-power chip prices remain stable, the price continued to fall until the situation has been curbed. Low-power chip prices, price increases of up to 10? 50%. Chip prices by a number of factors, including demand, MOCVD out of stock, stock, etc. sapphire.
Large-size LCD backlight market, the early arrival of LED and LED lighting market's rapid advance to the LED chip factory in China has brought a huge, unprecedented historical opportunity. Massive expansion of the LED manufacturers, LED demand growth downstream, upstream epitaxial wafers, chip to expand production capacity has not been fully released, the chip has led to tight supply of LED chip prices.
2010 global MOCVD will reach 600 units out of stock. According to Veeco and Aixtron's plan in 2010, 200 sets of MOCVD will be out of stock. Order MOCVD need to line up in recent months. MOCVD, the average lead time is 6 months, the time required to debug volume 2? 3 months, in addition to personnel training.
Sapphire material supply situation began to appear early, since the beginning of prices about 20%. Sapphire substrate is the status of a small number of enterprises, production capacity, high barriers to key technologies and issues to be improved yield, plant expansion takes about six to nine months. Part of the chip business began to go to the larger part of the production of sapphire substrate is one of the causes of tension. Future demand will naturally sapphire substrates driven by business expansion or new business to the industry in the past, the next two years will reach a new equilibrium.
LED upstream core technology and patents are held by the hands of a few large companies, does not rule out the MOCVD equipment manufacturers to cause this shortage situation, their purpose is to monopolize the price of MOCVD equipment. Aixtron and Veeco two German MOCVD equipment the United States dominated the global plant more than 90 percent of the MOCVD equipment market share.
GLII predict the situation in the second half of this price rise will continue, especially 6? September 9? December as part of the MOCVD formally put into production, prices will be somewhat eased the situation. Since the beginning of the first chip factory in Taiwan to improve the green wafer prices. Domestic Saman, Chinese Chan, Shilan Ming core chip factory and other signs of the price has gone up in price.
In addition, the domestic structure of the entire LED industry chain is the leading cause of domestic chip prices, domestic LED epitaxial materials chips to middle and low, 80% of the power LED chips, components need to rely on imports.
This time the prices of different manufacturers have different reactions. Tang Guoqing, said Cree, CREE chip prices remain stable. He believes that future chips will be more and more, and will be the overall downward trend. Vice President Shih-Hsien Chang pointed out that the electric crystal, sapphire substrate the second quarter average prices of about 20%, they have to discuss prices and customer related issues.
Wide? Optical Chen Chin-tsai, chairman, said prices have been the first international customer for the widely? Shipped to Seoul Semiconductor's LED chip prices 5%? 10%. Ruifeng power Gong Weibin said, "LED chip prices up recently at least one percent more than estimated before the first quarter of next year, LED chips are difficult to alleviate the shortage situation." But the price of the chip optimistic that the LED chip stock condition to the second quarter of next year would be substantially mitigated.
Senior Engineer LED CEO Xiaofei that upstream chip prices, some of the main phosphor, frame, aluminum and other companies to follow suit and prices, so pass one level down, even the most simple up LED bulb costs a lot.
Information from all sides, we believe that the situation will continue to price the second quarter of next year, followed by a sustained decline in the situation, chip prices but a specific historical period-specific phenomenon. After the chips continue to fall next year the situation will continue. The tide of history has not fundamentally changed.
Ten thousand ten cities Redu no longer
Say in 2009, semiconductor lighting industry, a landmark event, none other than non-Ten thousand ten cities. Science and Technology in early 2009 issued Ten thousand ten cities reply, followed by the high decibel media publicity. Taiwan, an organization boldly predicted in 2009 the country's installed LED street lights will reach 1.4 million, the end of 2009, according to GLII statistics, the amount of actual installed lamp only 222 000.
Dysfunction in 2009 have launched LED lights production line. But most have suffered a loss, mainly mounted lights amounted to less than expected, many more than just installing some demonstration lights. GLII investigation, LED lights line loss rate as high as 70%.
Into 2010, the market gradually senses. Whether on the Ten thousand ten cities media reports, or seminars for the discussion of Ten thousand ten cities have substantially reduced. Ministry of Science and the Ministry rarely released on Ten thousand ten cities of the information. LED lights last year on news of the test, but seldom heard in the first half of this year related news.
According GLII survey, the entire first half, launched LED lights line the number of firms last year, only 1 / 4. Many enterprises have turned to commercial lighting. LED commercial lighting developed in early 2010, the rapid development of the domestic market share of LED lighting business, foreign trade accounted for a large share, and some even reached 90%.
A source close to government decision-makers told Engineering LED correspondent, launched in 2009 Ten thousand ten cities is to the point of irritation of the information. Now the mission seems to have been completed, the market is gradually from "orientation" to "business-oriented."
National policy-making departments to Ten thousand ten cities cool because LED lamp technology is not mature, large-scale installation is still some way off. According to the test results show that last year, LED lights did not meet a number of parameters.
Some experts believe that the LED lamp technology is not mature enough, in Europe and other developed countries, it is only the LED lights for the community, or small-scale pilot in branch roads, and China launched a large-scale LED lights, making China into a global LED lights as a testing ground.
National policies to support the introduction of EMC Ten thousand ten cities to increase the variable. Ten thousand ten cities to implement the original money came from all sides has been concern by local governments to promote LED lights is very difficult, but mainly to the Science and Technology policy has not issued funding.
Popularity of LED lights using EMC, then solve the problem of financial funds, but faced with how to recover costs. According to statistics, if the use of 250W LED lamps replace 400W high pressure sodium lamp, the cost recovery period is more than eight years. Obviously a very long recovery period, the current conditions should not be a large scale.
According GLII statistics, first half of 2010 the installed capacity of LED lamps 200 000. Expected in the second half of the installed capacity of 300,000, the annual installed capacity reached 500,000.
Looking to install LED lights next year, the amount will steadily increase slightly. Ten thousand ten cities before the so-called goal; 1) a pilot phase in 2009 in 21 pilot cities, the application of one million municipal LED lighting, LED devices which the proportion of domestic production target of 60%; 2) the demonstration stage (2010 ? 2012), completed in China, 50 semiconductor lighting model city construction work, the application of two million municipal LED lighting, while the proportion of domestic LED devices target of 70%.
It now appears that the goal has been difficult to achieve!
Two LED domestic listed companies
In the "senior engineer LED" in the February issue of the year-end inventory, GLII has boldly predicted that "there are not any LED packaging companies in the near future the situation will end." This prediction has been fulfilled in the first half. April 2, country star power IPO will be successful too, as A-share market the first LED packaging company IPO shares.
Country star power IPO plans to issue 5500 shares, raising 504 million yuan, proceeds will be used SMD LED technological innovation, power LED and LED light source module transformation, LED backlight key transformation and semiconductor lighting technology and industry of the four projects. Most of the current country star products industry is still low, the company hopes to fund-raising for technology upgrades.
May 28, Xiamen dry according to optical GEM IPO will be successful too. The company is preparing to issue not more than 2950 shares, funds raised will be used for high brightness quaternary LED epitaxial wafers and chips four projects, the estimated total investment of 450 million yuan.
The main products dried according to optical light is primarily red, yellow, high-brightness LED epitaxial silicon quaternary and three-junction gallium arsenide solar cells, epitaxial wafers, related areas in the country plays a decisive role.
NVC successfully listed in Hong Kong in 2009, only NVC Lighting LED product revenue 0.8% of total revenue. NVC program will be available for 10% of funds raised for LED lighting research and development.
China Star, dry according to the listing provoked many LED companies listed expectations. According GLII survey, there are already 43 LED companies to complete share reform, gearing up, to "stage singing." We believe that the listed companies in 2010 will not be country star, according to two dry. In the second half may be there is a market, the larger is the hope of Ruifeng power and packaging areas Hongli Opto-electronic.
Throughout the first half of 2010, shares of the LED, compared with last year, LED surge in corporate stock of the situation no longer exists, the market and restore investors are rational, but still high price-earnings ratio of some enterprises, such as Germany Runda The price-earnings ratio reached 152.
Introduced a number of standards confusion in the industry has not been dissolved
In early 2010, the National Conference of LED standards Publicizing held in Jiangmen, Guangdong, was released nine semiconductor lighting industry standards. These include "the power semiconductor optoelectronic devices Blank detail specification for light-emitting diodes," "semiconductor light-emitting diode test", "GaN-based light-emitting diode chip with a sapphire substrate," "semiconductor light-emitting diodes with phosphor", "Power semiconductor light-emitting diodes chip technical specifications "," semiconductor light-emitting diode chip testing methods, "" low-power semiconductor optoelectronic devices Blank detail specification for light-emitting diode "," family-type semiconductor light-emitting diodes spectrum "and" semiconductor lighting term "to cover the LED materials, chips, devices Testing methods and related fields.
The first half of the full flowering of local standards. January 22, Shanghai issued "using LED technology lighting construction and acceptance - Part 1: Construction Standards" and "the use of LED technology lighting construction and acceptance - Part 2: Acceptance." March 29, Jiangxi local standards through the LED lights. April 15, Shaanxi formal implementation "road lighting with LED lights" local standards. May Nanchang introduced the "interior lighting with LED tube light," "interior lighting with LED Bulbs" two local standards. Hubei release "LED road lighting 'standard.
At present, the standard has not formed a system of systems, industry-standard chaotic situation has not changed. China's management of state LED standard in the long, involving LED standardized institutions, "Industry and the Ministry of Information Industry Working Group Semiconductor lighting technical standards" (referred to as LED Standards Working Group), "Lighting the National Standardization Technical Committee" (referred to as the lighting standards committee Council), "Industry and the Ministry of Information Industry Flat Panel Display Standard Workgroup" (referred to as the flat panel display standard working group) and so on.
At this stage of China's lighting standard system is basically to reference the main international standards and European standards, the lack of appropriate independent research work, it is difficult to provide technical support for the standard. International standards are usually more comprehensive systems and procedures, which play a major role in the international research group of large companies, more focused on the actual test data to prove and modeling. GLII LED-based standards should be expected within two years to complete, and relevant standards applications will require more time.
Looking ahead two years, there will be more standard introduction. Standards and technical norms in the legal market, the industry as soon as possible out of the good and bad, cohabitation situation.
Currently, the link between standards and patents more closely the developed countries and multinational corporations have sought to become the standard patent in order to obtain greater economic benefits. Local standards in the country has been largely reflect the interests of local enterprises. All over the place because different standards to meet local standards, it is difficult to meet foreign standards. In essence, the local standards hindered the development of the industry throughout the country.
EMC spoiler LED industry
In April, the State Council promulgated the "accelerate the implementation of energy management contract to promote energy services industry view", with the introduction of the policy development of the LED is closely related. LED lighting is a major EMC promising areas.
The core content of the policy is to contract energy management (EMC) projects into the central budget for investment and central government special funds to support energy saving range of energy service companies to implement the project to implement a series of tax policies EMC, EMC in the process of improving the accounting system and financial services.
In June, 2010, the Ministry of Finance decided to arrange $ 2 billion to support energy service companies to contract energy management in industry, construction, transportation and other fields as well as public institutions to implement energy saving.
Throughout the first half also have conducted a number of EMC cases, most in Guangdong Province. In these cases of success and failures. Failure is not to complete the various factors into account. Guangdong Investment Fund actively planning for the green industry in several provinces and cities LED lighting retrofit.
It is understood that Guangdong will officially start the second half of EMC, the main job of testing than the first half of the work, this year in Guizhou, Zhejiang, Guangdong will start three large cases.
The current EMC development is still faced with many obstacles. First, technically, the current LED lamps still have a long recovery period, high-wattage lights to more than eight years, indoor lighting, but also four or five years. LED lighting is a rapidly developing technology, EMC is now feasible to carry out large-scale, highly challenged industry.
Another problem is that EMC's financing has not yet been resolved. As the nature of the business of EMC has not yet been recognized, EMC's loan and guarantee more difficult to find. The current accounting system must make EMC Corporation income taxes twice.
Another obstacle is the EMC distribution of interests involved. If the LED lights on the use of EMC, then goes to the street directly on the interests. Because the state is no longer spend money to purchase oil and water lights are gone. Of banks and guarantee companies, the cost recovery period is longer, increasing the risk.
For local governments at this stage can be energy saving, but after a few years later. When compared to the technical and price may not be able to saving money. For businesses, on the one hand EMC brought them orders, on the other hand, hire them unbearable, and subsequent maintenance costs also gives them a tremendous pressure.
Looking ahead, EMC will continue to develop in the dark, and with the advances in LED technology, lower prices, improve the system, the feasibility will gradually increase.
LED TV penetration than-expected
2010 LED-backlit TV is truly broke, its energy-saving, environmental protection and color performance and other advantages have been recognized by consumers, in the 3D television is high-profile publicity, LED TV host has been completed quickly to seize the market. GLII statistics, LED backlit TV's market share from 7% in 2009 rising to 35% in 2010. Ran Zhanhuo LED TV, LED manufacturers in Taiwan, Japan and Korea Competition.
Samsung LED TV 2010, originally planned for the 10 million units shipped, but optimistic about the market acceptance will be pulled out more than 17 million units shipped.
LED-backlit TV is considered as the future of the mainstream TV market, the world of course, LG LCD TV plant will not miss this golden opportunity. LG will also be the original plan of 600 million units in one fell swoop LED TV shipments increased to 15 million units, with the means to compete against Samsung is very strong.
Japanese plants have significantly improved the number of target LED TV in 2010, major manufacturers such as Sony, Toshiba, Sharp, Panasonic, shipment target of 500 million units, respectively, 400 million units, 200 million units, 2.5 million; Taiwan joint-venture factory Amtran brand Vizio LED TV 2010 is also very high volume target for 250 million units.
Brand manufacturers big move into LED TV, forcing other TV makers to follow up, Chinese enterprises to step up the layout of the mainstream TV LED TV market. Hisense LED TV is the first set foot in mainland domestic brands, since 2008 LED TV launched several products, and full volume production. Skyworth, TCL, Hisense, etc. during the Spring Festival in 2010 to selling a substantial price reduction LED TV products, compared with foreign brands, low price of about 30? 40%, has been and is an LCD TV (LCD TV) prices even more close. According to the budget in 2010, China's domestic LED TV manufacturers plan to produce 5.5 million units.
Although the television industry for its 2010 shipment target LED TV set quite high, but can it reach the target number, remains to be seen whether the upstream LED supply chain cope. The industry estimates that by 2010 the global LED-backlit LCD TV shipments expected to reach 35 million units, lower than the LED TV industry and the sum of the annual target of 3.6 million units in 2009, an increase of 870%. LED LCD TVs on the needs of each LED to project the number of 580, estimated 2010 demand for chips used in the LED backlight about 20 billion.
LED-backlit TVs in high demand on the upstream LED chip supply caused no small pressure to ensure adequate supply of LED chips, LED backlight to make their own TV's long-term development, the manufacturers are beginning to increase investment by way of cooperation or into the upper reaches the LED chip industry.
Samsung billion buyout of the capacity of light to give priority to manufacturing plans for this year's LED TV LED demand, LG and LED packaging factory previously announced Everlight, Taiwan LCD TV makers Amtran Technology in Jiangsu to invest and LED packaging factory. In addition, LG has also used his son LED chip factory LG Innotek to increase production capacity, LG Innotek has been bought in 2009, 50 sets of MOCVD equipment, is expected to increase this year 50.
The face of fierce competition, LED chips out of the situation, China's domestic LED TV manufacturers should be more focus on local sourcing LED suppliers who, like Di source Wuhan, Xiamen Sanan, Dalian Lu Ming, Shanghai Blue light and Sapphire, Jiangxi joint creation and optical crystal. Otherwise, there is no supply, can not make bricks without straw.
Optical Industrial Park Investment tight
Lighting is a big cake, in order to develop the local economy, have been started around the photoelectric industrial park. In addition to the seven major industrial base prior to spare no effort to put all the preferential policies, Jiangmen, Huizhou is to make all the investment.
Many newly established industrial park known as the output value will reach tens of billions. Jining, Shandong Science and Technology Park UMC plans to build the largest LED epitaxial wafers and the new energy industry base, said after the completion of sales of up to 100 billion yuan. Dalian Wafangdian photovoltaic park planning area of ​​5 square kilometers, known as a total investment of over ten billion yuan.
Various industrial park "Merchants of war" fierce. Jiangmen, Yangzhou, Wuhu and other cities, the introduction of MOCVD subsidies ten million each. A variety of disguised free land grants, research grants and other measures are common.
Shenzhen, the introduction of "Shenzhen LED industry development plan", plans to scale of the industry in 2015 reached 130 billion yuan. Cultivate over 10 billion yuan output value of enterprises 1, 5 billion of value 2? 3, output value of more than 10 million 10 or more. "Promote the development of the semiconductor industry, a number of measures photographs" in Shenzhen will focus on 100 million yuan earmarked for each year to support the semiconductor lighting industry.
Jiangmen City, introduced the "Green Jiangmen (semiconductor) light industry development plan (2009-2015)" and "High-tech Industrial Development Zone, Jiangmen City, the LED industry to promote the development of temporary preferences." One of the most notable is the introduction of MOCVD high subsidies.
Yangzhou City issued a "Yangzhou promote LED and solar photovoltaic industry development policy implementation," the "LED and Yangzhou on the promotion of the implementation of solar photovoltaic industry," and "Yangzhou LED epitaxial wafers with MOCVD equipment purchase subsidies Management Regulations "and so on.
Hangzhou, the introduction of "LED industry three-year action plan (2009-2011)", the city's LED industry sales value of above-scale enterprises and strive to reach 100 billion yuan, the annual average growth rate of 60%. Cultivate over 10 billion yuan annual output value of enterprises 1, 5 billion of business 2? 3, the formation of Hangzhou, a unique industry features and technical advantages.
Nanchang, Shandong, Xiamen, Zhongshan, Chengdu, Dalian, Jining, the South China Sea and other places all have introduced the relevant policies.
At present, China's photovoltaic industry park very wide distribution, and many of the surrounding industrial park is not supporting. A responsible official admitted Industrial Park Investment, now under construction across the country industrial park, if the location is almost, that is duplication.
Industrial Park to snatch all companies make a variety of commitment to the enterprise, and some committed hard cash. While not all businesses are high-tech semiconductor lighting companies, and some places in order to attract investment junk subsidies.
Looking ahead, there will be more industrial park was established. But Darwin's theory of evolution will be staged, natural selection, survival of the fittest, will eventually grow from a group of outstanding industrial park.
Accelerating the adoption of LED lighting in overseas markets
As the purchasing power of people in developed countries will be strong, while the traditional markets of developed countries on the difference between lamps and LED lamps smaller than in developing countries, the popularity of LED lighting issues, they at the forefront.
Japan GFK survey data show, LED light bulb market share in Japan from 2009 to 0.01% of the rapid increase of 10% in February this year.
In April, the Japanese government began to implement environmentally friendly products points system, receive government subsidies to buy LED green credits, the measures to further promote the popularity of LED lighting, and more are turning to the production of LED lighting products.
The most prominent is the performance of Toshiba Corporation, Toshiba has been the mainstay of LED lighting products, starting from March to stop the production of incandescent bulbs. Incandescent lamp is Toshiba's business products, over 120 years of production history.
Last year, Japan's 8W LED bulb price is 4000 yen, appearing on the market this year, more than 2,000 yen LED bulb. End of this year's estimated average price of the Japanese market will be reduced to 3000 yen or less.
European and American market with a similar scene in Japan, government policies to phase out incandescent light, green light on the grant. Meanwhile, the environmental awareness of people of European higher, but also causes rapid popularity of LED lighting. LED products to EU countries have a high subsidies, give Italy, for example, subsidy of up to 55%.
GLII survey, first quarter of 2010, output value of China's LED application 199 billion yuan, up 42% surge in overseas demand is an important reason.
LED current domestic foreign trade enterprises the proportion of total sales, up 70 percent, some companies reached 90%. Overall, the market situation is China's production overseas sales. Next couple of years this situation will continue.
High-power chips to achieve new breakthroughs in optical efficiency
February this year, American Career (CREE) announced that its high-power chips to achieve 208lm / W @ 350mA. The blue-chip companies through performance improvements, such as the optical output power, lower voltage and higher conversion efficiency, to achieve this historic breakthrough.
And two months after the company announced a 161lm / W for technological breakthroughs. According to Career test, 1 mm × 1 mm of the LED can produce 173 lumens of light output, to achieve 161lm / w of the optical efficiency, color temperature of 4689K.
December 2009, senior engineers LED CEO Xiaofei had predicted six months of laboratory medicine sharp luminous efficiency will reach 200lm / W. This prediction proved correct.
The research makes the light effect on the company's Career with other growing gap between the current Osram, Lumileds and other laboratory light effect in about 140? 150lm / W between. Over the past few years, the efficiency of LED chip production about a year 15lm / W growth rate, due to technological advances, Career in 2010 increased the efficiency of high-power chip is expected to reach 30lm / W.
This shows the Career of the silicon carbide substrate and GaN technology's unique advantages. In the low-power chip light effects, the Japanese are still ahead of other Asian giant, the highest efficiency so that the 249lm / W @ 20mA.
As most of the chip manufacturers to adopt a sapphire substrate technology, which line the slow growth of luminous efficiency, luminous efficiency is currently the technology's prospects in a still difficult to predict how, with pessimists believe that sapphire chip light-efficient only can reach 150lm / W. Future technology trends remains to be seen.
Traditional lighting to LED lighting to accelerate the transfer of
No wonder people in the industry that 2010 is the first year of the development of LED industry. 2010 Guangzhou International Lighting Exhibition is a strong evidence: 13.5 million square meters of exhibition area, the more than 70,000 square meters of LED exhibition, all more than half of the more than 1,800 companies have LED lighting products; all 13 exhibition halls in six to LED as its theme; exhibition site forums, events almost all LED-based theme. This show is almost as LED lighting in the world.
LED industry in the "Go! Go! Go!" The outbreak of the state. Anyone want to piece of meat and potatoes of eating delicious cake. Leading companies who like the traditional lighting Philips, Osram, GE, according to the Buddha, Op, NVC, TCL, three male Aurora, Benjamin, the state, the sun, Huayi, Benjamin, etc. are all overtly or covertly turn the LED lighting.
Philips dominate the chip, package, lighting and other businesses throughout the industrial chain. Philips LED bulbs lighting accounts for 10 percent of revenue%, Philips releases new LED lighting product news after another.
NVC Lighting and global leader CREE LED chip formed a strategic partnership, NVC will raise funds for 10% of the market for R & D of LED lighting products, these messages are all revealed NVC is a transition LED.
TCL Lighting nearly a decade to do the traditional lighting, recently started to engage in LED applications, over 70 variety of LED products to market.
Face straight to the point of traditional lighting, LED lighting is not in disarray. Is the so-called "Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade", LED lighting, traditional lighting should draw lessons from the capital, talent, technology, marketing, etc. to enrich their own strength. Not only in the Olympic Games, World Expo and other large items left on the beautiful figure, but also into the homes of ordinary people in every corner of the world to bring the green light.
Some countries prohibit the use of incandescent lamps of the plan, China will gradually phase out incandescent bulbs, energy saving in the world, under call, LED-specific green energy will encourage the industry into the glorious chapter. Favorable factors, both the LED to run into?? Good policy, the Government implemented, LED legitimate their way, insight will increasingly have to join the large team, participated in lighting change.
But, the revolution has not succeeded, comrades still work! Long road to just take the first step, the road is long Come, we need to up and down the quest! More visi:   www.bgocled.com